Imam al-Ghazali on Disagreement, Conflict, Debate, & Argumentation

Imam al-Ghazali (d. 505/1111, may Allah have mercy on him and help us to benefit from him) divided his monumental work The Revival of the Religious Sciences into four main parts: al-‘Ibadaat (Acts of Worship), al-‘Adaat (Customary Practices), al-Muhlikaat (Destructive Vices), and al-Munjiyat (Saving Virtues). In the first part (and each part comprises ten “books”), there is an extremely beneficial section concerning disagreement and conflict as well as the harmful nature of debate and argumentation. In fact, it was this very section (situated in the middle of the Book of Knowledge), that had a major effect on me back in the days when I was a student at the Islamic University of Madinah (specifically towards the end of my third and final year there. Al-hamdu lillah, I chanced upon this glorious work of the noble Imam just months before the advent of a serious and life-altering transformation in my intellectual and spiritual direction. Looking back to those days, I can honestly say that this truly incredible work was a significant and contributing factor in my decision to leave my studies there, moving on to places such as Morocco, Mauritania, and the Hadramawt Valley of Yemen (where I came in contact with this same work yet again, but in a way that I never could have imagined)).

After delineating the eight essential conditions for the proper conduct of intellectual and religious debates (which spans several pages), Imam al-Ghazali goes on to discuss the ten qualities that are considered to be the “main inward abominations” (literally, the “inward mothers of abomination” (ummahaat al-fawahish al-batinah)), the very qualities that debate itself has a tendency to engender in its participants. He lists each of these ten qualities, following each one up with a detailed description of how they are brought about and occasionally citing verses of the Quran as well as traditions narrated from our beloved Messenger, peace and blessings be upon him.

The ten qualities are as follows:

1. Envy (hasad)
2. Arrogance (takabbur)
3. Enmity (hiqd)
4. Backbiting (ghibah)
5. Self-promotion (tazkiyah al-nafs) [In this context this term certainly does not mean "purification of the soul"!]
6. Spying and faultfinding (tajassus wa tatabbu' al-'awraat) 
7. Finding joy in the bad news of others and grief concerning what brings them joy
8. Hypocrisy (nifaq)
9. Haughtiness in accepting truth, showing contempt for it, and avidness to argue concerning it
   
10. Ostentation, paying attention to the creation, and striving to turn their hearts and faces (towards one)

I must say that this is quite the laundry list of seriously troubling characteristics! After a very detailed account (again, spanning several pages), the Imam goes on to say that each one of these ten qualities can further be divided into yet another ten, equally dangerous and blameworthy (as if the first ten weren’t enough!).

He then says:

Debaters are at variance with regards to these qualities in accordance with their levels—and they have many levels—and even the greatest of these debaters in both Deen and intellect is still not safe from at least some of these characteristics. The best that he can do is to hide them, or fight against his self (nafs) with regards to them.

He then goes on to say:

[You should] know that these blameworthy qualities are also inescapable for those that occupy themselves with reminding and admonishing the masses [i.e., preachers and teachers], those who seek public acceptance, attainment of status, or gaining wealth and glory. […] In summary, these traits are unavoidable for anyone that seeks knowledge for other than the reward of Allah (the Exalted) in the Hereafter. For knowledge neglects not the knower (scholar)—it destroys him with an eternal destruction or grants him everlasting life.

At the end of this invaluable section of the Ihya, he finishes by saying:

The one who seeks leadership (ri’asah) is personally destroyed, even though he may rectify others. But such is only with the condition that he advocates doing without the things of this world and is one whose outward state is congruent with the outward state of the scholars from the pious predecessors (the Salaf), notwithstanding the fact that he harbors an intent for status and position (al-jah). His example is like the candle that burns itself while others derive light from it. The rectification of others lies in his very destruction. On the other hand, if he actually advocates the quest for the things of this world, then his similitude is like that of the burning fire: it consumes itself and everything else.

Therefore, the scholars are three in number:

1. One who destroys himself and others. These are the ones that are manifest in their desire for the world and are inclined to it.
2. One who brings felicity to himself as well as others. These are the callers of the creation to Allah (the Exalted), both inwardly and outwardly.
3. And finally, one who destroys himself while bringing felicity to others, such as those who call to the next life, outwardly rejecting the life of this world, but inwardly seeking the acceptance of creation and the attainment of status (al-jah).

Hence, look and see in which category you fall and that for which you have been busying yourself with preparation. Never think that Allah (the Exhalted) will accept anything other than what is purely for His sake, from both knowledge and action.

May Allah reward Imam al-Ghazali for sharing these beautiful and priceless teachings and perspicuous insights, and may Allah help us to internalize these matters and live in accordance with what they indicate... Amin.

* All translations by the author of this post.

Sincerely your brother,
khalil abu asmaa

Comments

[Faraz Khan]

wasSalam Br. Khalil,

mashAllah! good stuff... I just found out that you are also a Liberal Artist :)

[irving]

An excellent post, brother :) Indeed, the struggle with the nafs is endless, even on the Sufi path. Here is an old post from the Darvish blog on a similiar theme:

http://darvish.wordpress.com/2007/03/19/spiritual-humility/

Ya Haqq!

[sheilaX]

Shalom,

Thanks for this. I always love entries on Hujjat al-Islam.

[Abu bakr Sadiq]

AS salaam alaykum sidi,
You never disappoint us with your numerous and heart touching posts.

Only dua for you from me is what I know I can offer.

May ALLAH continue to bless and strengthen your efforts.

Was salaam.

[khalil moore]

Bismillah.
Wa alaykum as-salam everyone!

May Allah bless you all for your comments! And "Amin" to your much-appreciated dua's!!! Please keep them coming, they are much-needed...

Sincerely your brother and servant,
khalil moore